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The official Microsoft Certified: Azure Fundamentals syllabus, organized by domain. Check off each point as you review it.
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Describe cloud computing
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet: virtual machines, storage, databases and networking, plus IoT, machine learning and AI. Because it does not depend on building your own datacenter, you can expand infrastructure quickly, place services close to users and adapt capacity to what you need.
In the shared responsibility model the provider always handles the physical datacenter, network, hosts and infrastructure, while the customer always answers for its data, connected devices, and accounts and identities. Operating systems, network controls, applications and identity and access depend on the service type: IaaS leaves the most to the customer and SaaS the least.
Cloud models define the deployment type. A private cloud is used by a single entity and gives more control at higher cost; a public cloud is run by a third party and open to anyone; a hybrid cloud interconnects public and private. Multicloud means using several public providers, and Azure Arc helps manage all these environments.
Public cloud fits when you want to scale without capital expenditure, provision and deprovision quickly and pay only for what you use. Private cloud fits when you need complete control and data that is not shared with other tenants. Hybrid cloud lets you choose where each service runs and absorb temporary spikes with public resources.
The cloud runs on a consumption-based model: you pay for the resources you use and nothing more, and release them when done. This makes it operational expenditure (OpEx) rather than capital expenditure (CapEx), avoids upfront hardware costs and idle capacity, and lets you add or remove resources to follow real demand.
There are two main pricing models. Pay-as-you-go (consumption) charges only for what you use and suits variable workloads, test environments and short projects. Commitment-based pricing (reservations, savings plans) gives discounted rates in exchange for committing usage and suits steady production workloads. Spot machines use spare capacity, with the risk of interruption.
Architecture strategies for getting the best rates from providers ↗What are savings plans? - Microsoft Cost Management ↗
Serverless means focusing on application logic while the platform handles hosting, scaling and monitoring. It is typically billed based on usage, so with no consumption there are no charges. In Azure, Azure Functions runs event-driven code, Azure Logic Apps builds visual workflows and Azure Container Apps runs containers without managing infrastructure.
Serverless with Azure - Azure Logic Apps ↗Azure Functions Overview ↗
Describe the benefits of using cloud services
High availability seeks maximum availability despite disruptions, and Azure offers uptime guarantees that vary by service and are set out in SLAs. Scalability lets you adjust resources to demand and avoid overpaying. Vertical scaling changes the CPU or RAM of a resource; horizontal scaling adds or removes instances.
Describe the benefits of high availability and scalability in the cloud - Training ↗
Reliability is the ability of a system to recover from failures and keep functioning; the cloud decentralized design, with resources in regions around the world, supports it. Predictability can be about performance (autoscaling, load balancing, high availability) or cost (real-time tracking, data analytics and the Azure Pricing Calculator).
Describe the benefits of reliability and predictability in the cloud - Training ↗
Templates help deployed resources meet technical and regulatory standards, and they can be updated at scale when those standards change. Cloud-based auditing flags resources that are out of compliance with the baseline and offers mitigation strategies. With IaaS the customer controls the operating system and patches; with PaaS or SaaS they can be applied automatically. The customer always keeps its data and identities.
Describe the benefits of security and governance in the cloud ↗Shared responsibility in the cloud ↗
Manageability has two sides. Management of the cloud is what the platform does for you: scaling based on need, deploying from templates, monitoring resource health and replacing failing resources, and sending alerts based on metrics. Management in the cloud is how you manage the environment: web portal, command line interface, APIs or PowerShell.
Describe cloud service types
IaaS is the most flexible category: the provider maintains the hardware, internet connectivity and physical security, and you manage the operating system, network and database and storage configuration. It is like renting hardware in a cloud datacenter. Typical scenarios are lift-and-shift migrations and development and test environments. Examples include Azure Virtual Machines and disks.
Describe Infrastructure as a Service ↗Shared responsibility in the cloud ↗
PaaS is a middle ground between IaaS and SaaS: the provider maintains the infrastructure, operating systems, middleware and development and analytics tools, and you focus on application code, data and access control. You do not deal with operating system licensing or patching. It fits development frameworks and analytics or business intelligence.
Describe Platform as a Service ↗Shared responsibility in the cloud ↗
SaaS means using or renting a fully developed application, such as email, messaging, productivity tools or expense tracking. It is the least flexible model but the easiest to get running and the one needing the least technical knowledge. The provider manages almost the whole stack; you manage your data, identity and access settings and device access.
Describe Software as a Service ↗Shared responsibility in the cloud ↗
The right service type depends on how much control you want to keep. IaaS fits lift-and-shift migrations and development and test environments with full control. PaaS fits development frameworks and analytics or business intelligence tools without managing infrastructure. SaaS fits ready-made applications such as email, messaging, productivity and finance or expense tracking.
Describe Infrastructure as a Service ↗Describe Platform as a Service ↗